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{{other languages/Help:Displaying a formula}}

[[w:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] uses a subset of '''[[w:TeX|{{TeX}}]] markup''', including some extensions from [[w:LaTeX|LaTeX]] and [[w:AMS-Latex|AMS-LaTeX]], for mathematical formulae. It generates either [[w:PNG|PNG]] images or simple [[w:HTML|HTML]] markup, depending on [[Help:Preferences#Math|user preferences]] and the complexity of the expression. 

More precisely, MediaWiki filters the markup through [[w:Texvc|Texvc]], which in turn passes the commands to {{TeX}} for the actual [[w:Rendering (computer graphics)|render]]ing. Thus, only a limited part of the full {{TeX}} language is supported; see below for details.

To have math rendered, you have to set <code>$wgUseTeX = true;</code> in [[mw:Manual:LocalSettings.php|LocalSettings.php]].
__TOC__

==Technicals==
===Syntax===
Traditionally, math markup goes inside the  [[Help:XML-style tags|XML-style tag]] math: <code><nowiki><math> ... </math></nowiki></code>. The old [[Help:Edit toolbar|edit toolbar]] has the button for this, and it is possible to [[mw:Extension:WikiEditor/Toolbar customization|customize the WikiEditor toolbar]] to add a similar button. The icons are like these: [[Image:Math icon.png|{{MediaWiki:Math tip}}]] and [[File:Button equation he.png]].

However, one can also use parser function [[mw:Help:Magic_words#Miscellaneous|#tag]]: <code><nowiki>{{#tag:math|...}}</nowiki></code>; this is more versatile: the wikitext at the dots is first [[Help:Expansion|expanded]] before interpreting the result as {{TeX}} code. Thus it can contain parameters, variables, parser functions and templates. Note however that with this syntax double braces in the {{TeX}} code must have a space in between, to avoid confusion with their use in template calls etc. Also, to produce the character "|" inside the {{TeX}} code, use <nowiki>{{!}}</nowiki>.<ref>This requires the wiki to have the [[Template:!]] containing "|", as many wikis do, see e.g. also [[w:Template:!]].</ref>

In {{TeX}}, as in HTML, extra spaces and newlines are ignored.

===Rendering===
By default, the PNG images are black on white (not transparent), but since [[bugzilla:8|bug 8]] was fixed (see [[rev:59550]]) these colors can be customized for each formula. The colors, as well as font sizes and types, are independent of browser settings or CSS. Font sizes and types will often deviate from what HTML renders. Vertical alignment with the surrounding text can also be a problem (see [[bugzilla:32694|bug 32694]]). The [[Help:User style#CSS selectors|css selector]] of the images is <code>img.tex</code>.

The [[w:WP:ALT|alt text]] of the PNG images, which is displayed to visually impaired and other readers who cannot see the images, and is also used when the text is selected and copied, defaults to the wikitext that produced the image, excluding the <code><nowiki><math></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki></math></nowiki></code>. You can override this by explicitly specifying an <code>alt</code> attribute for the <code>math</code> element. For example, <code><nowiki><math alt="Square root of pi">\sqrt{\pi}</math></nowiki></code> generates an image <math alt="Square root of pi">\sqrt{\pi}</math> whose alt text is "Square root of pi".

Apart from function and operator names, as is customary in mathematics for variables, letters are in italics; digits are not. For other text, (like variable labels) to avoid being rendered in italics like variables, use <code>\text</code>, <code>\mbox</code>, or <code>\mathrm</code>. You can also define new function names using <code>\operatorname{...}</code>. For example, <code><nowiki><math>\text{abc}</math></nowiki></code> gives <math>\text{abc}</math>. This does not work for special characters, they are ignored unless the whole <nowiki><math></nowiki> expression is rendered in HTML:

*<nowiki><math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}</math></nowiki>
*<nowiki><math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}\,</math></nowiki>

gives:

*<math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}</math>
*<math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}\,</math>

See [[bugzilla:798|bug 798]] for details.

Nevertheless, using <code>\mbox</code> instead of <code>\text</code>, more characters are allowed

For example,
*<nowiki><math>\mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}</math></nowiki>
*<nowiki><math>\mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčèéêëìíîïñòóôõö÷øùúûüýÿ}\,</math></nowiki>

gives:
*<math>\mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}</math>
*<math>\mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}\,</math>

But <code>\mbox{ð}</code> and <code>\mbox{þ}</code> will give an error:
* <math>\mbox {ð}</math>
* <math>\mbox {þ}</math>
Using <code>\text{}</code>
* <math>\text {ð}</math>
* <math>\text {þ}</math>

=== Special characters ===
The following symbols are reserved characters that either have a special meaning under LaTeX or are unavailable in all the fonts.

 # $ % ^ & _ { } ~ \

Some of these can be entered with a backslash in front:

<code><nowiki><math>\# \$ \% \_ \{ \}</math></nowiki></code> gives <math>\# \$ \% \_ \{ \}</math>

=={{TeX}} and HTML==

Before introducing {{TeX}} markup for producing special characters, it should be noted that, as this comparison table shows, sometimes similar results can be achieved in HTML (see [[Help:Special characters]]).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! {{TeX}} Syntax ([[#Forced_PNG_rendering|forcing PNG]])
! {{TeX}} Rendering
! HTML Syntax
! HTML Rendering
|-
| <code><nowiki><math>\alpha</math></nowiki></code>
| <math>\alpha</math>
| <code><nowiki>{{math|<VAR>&amp;alpha;</VAR>}}</nowiki></code>
| {{math|<VAR>&alpha;</VAR>}}
|-
| <code><nowiki><math> f(x) = x^2\,</math></nowiki></code>
| <math> f(x) = x^2\,</math>
| <code><nowiki>{{math|''f''(<var>x</var>) {{=}} <var>x</var><sup>2</sup>}}</nowiki></code>
| {{math|''f''(<var>x</var>) {{=}} <var>x</var><sup>2</sup>}}
|-
| <code><nowiki><math>\sqrt{2}</math></nowiki></code>
| <math>\sqrt{2}</math>
| <code><nowiki>{{math|{{radical|2}}}}</nowiki></code>
| {{math|{{radical|2}}}}
|-
| <code><nowiki><math>\sqrt{1-e^2}</math></nowiki></code>
| <math>\sqrt{1-e^2}</math>
| <code><nowiki>{{math|{{radical|1 &amp;minus; ''e''&amp;sup2;}}}}</nowiki></code>
| {{math|{{radical|1 &minus; ''e''&sup2;}}}}
|}

The codes on the left produce the symbols on the right, but the latter can also be put directly in the wikitext, except for &lsquo;=&rsquo;.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Syntax
! Rendering
|- valign="top"
|<pre><nowiki>&amp;alpha; &amp;beta; &amp;gamma; &amp;delta; &amp;epsilon; &amp;zeta;
&amp;eta; &amp;theta; &amp;iota; &amp;kappa; &amp;lambda; &amp;mu; &amp;nu;
&amp;xi; &amp;omicron; &amp;pi; &amp;rho; &amp;sigma; &amp;sigmaf;
&amp;tau; &amp;upsilon; &amp;phi; &amp;chi; &amp;psi; &amp;omega;
&amp;Gamma; &amp;Delta; &amp;Theta; &amp;Lambda; &amp;Xi; &amp;Pi;
&amp;Sigma; &amp;Phi; &amp;Psi; &amp;Omega;
</nowiki></pre>
| style="texhtml" |α β γ δ ε ζ<br 
/>η θ ι κ λ μ ν<br 
/>ξ ο π ρ σ ς<br 
/>τ υ φ χ ψ ω<br
/>Γ Δ Θ Λ Ξ Π<br
/>Σ Φ Ψ Ω
|- valign="top"
| valign="middle" | <pre><nowiki>&amp;int; &amp;sum; &amp;prod; &amp;radic; &amp;minus; &amp;plusmn; &amp;infty;
&amp;asymp; &amp;prop; {{=}} &amp;equiv; &amp;ne; &amp;le; &amp;ge; 
&amp;times; &amp;middot; &amp;divide; &amp;part; &amp;prime; &amp;Prime;
&amp;nabla; &amp;permil; &amp;deg; &amp;there4; &amp;Oslash; &amp;oslash;
&amp;isin; &amp;notin; 
&amp;cap; &amp;cup; &amp;sub; &amp;sup; &amp;sube; &amp;supe;
&amp;not; &amp;and; &amp;or; &amp;exist; &amp;forall; 
&amp;rArr; &amp;hArr; &amp;rarr; &amp;harr; &amp;uarr; 
&amp;alefsym; - &amp;ndash; &amp;mdash; 
</nowiki></pre>
| style="texhtml" |∫ ∑ ∏ √ − ± ∞<br 
/>≈ ∝ = ≡ ≠ ≤ ≥<br 
/>× · ÷ ∂ ′ ″<br 
/>∇ ‰ ° ∴ Ø ø<br
/>∈ ∉ ∩ ∪ ⊂ ⊃ ⊆ ⊇<br
/>¬ ∧ ∨ ∃ ∀<br 
/>⇒ ⇔ → ↔ ↑<br 
/>ℵ - – —
|}

The project has settled on both HTML and TeX because each has advantages in some situations.

===Pros of HTML===
# Formulas in HTML behave more like regular text. In-line HTML formulae always align properly with the rest of the HTML text and, to some degree, can be cut-and-pasted (this is not a problem if {{TeX}} is rendered using [[w:MathJax|MathJax]], and the alignment should not be a problem for PNG rendering once [[bugzilla:32694|bug 32694]] is fixed).
# The formula&rsquo;s background and font size match the rest of HTML contents (this can be fixed on {{TeX}} formulas by using the commands [[#Color|<code>\pagecolor</code> and <code>\definecolor</code>]]) and the appearance respects CSS and browser settings while the typeface is conveniently altered to help you identify formulae.
# Pages using HTML code for formulae will load faster and they will create less clutter on your hard disk.
# Formulae typeset with HTML code will be accessible to client-side script links (a.k.a. scriptlets).
# The display of a formula entered using mathematical templates can be conveniently altered by modifying the templates involved; this modification will affect all relevant formulae without any manual intervention.
# The HTML code, if entered diligently, will contain all semantic information to transform the equation back to {{TeX}} or any other code as needed. It can even contain differences {{TeX}} does not normally catch, e.g. <code><nowiki>{{math|''i''}}</nowiki></code> for the [[w:imaginary unit|imaginary unit]] and <code><nowiki>{{math|<var>i</var>}}</nowiki></code> for an arbitrary index variable.

===Pros of {{TeX}}===
# {{TeX}} is semantically more precise than HTML.
## In {{TeX}}, "<code><nowiki><math>x</math></nowiki></code>" means "mathematical variable <math>x</math>", whereas in HTML "<code>x</code>" is generic and somewhat ambiguous.
## On the other hand, if you encode the same formula as "<code><nowiki>{{math|<var>x</var>}}</nowiki></code>", you get the same visual result {{math|<var>x</var>}} and no information is lost.  This requires diligence and more typing that could make the formula harder to understand as you type it. However, since there are far more readers than editors, this effort is worth considering if no other rendering options are available (such as [[w:MathJax|MathJax]], which was requested on [[bugzilla:31406|bug 31406]] for use on Wikimedia wikis and [http://www.gossamer-threads.com/lists/wiki/wikitech/260990 is being implemented] on [[mw:Extension:Math|Extension:Math]] as a new rendering option).
# One consequence of point&nbsp;1 is that {{TeX}} code can be transformed into HTML, but not vice-versa.{{ref|dilHTML}}  This means that on the server side we can always transform a formula, based on its complexity and location within the text, user preferences, type of browser, etc.  Therefore, where possible, all the benefits of HTML can be retained, together with the benefits of {{TeX}}.  It is true that the current situation is not ideal, but that is not a good reason to drop information/contents.  It is more a reason to [[#Bug_reports|help improve the situation]].
# Another consequence of point&nbsp;1 is that {{TeX}} can be converted to [[w:MathML|MathML]] (e.g. by MathJax) for browsers which support it, thus keeping its semantics and allowing the rendering to be better suited for the reader&rsquo;s graphic device.
# {{TeX}} is the preferred text formatting language of most professional mathematicians, scientists, and engineers. It is easier to persuade them to contribute if they can write in {{TeX}}.
# {{TeX}} has been specifically designed for typesetting formulae, so input is easier and more natural if you are accustomed to it, and output is more aesthetically pleasing if you focus on a single formula rather than on the whole containing page.
# Once a formula is done correctly in {{TeX}}, it will render reliably, whereas the success of HTML formulae is somewhat dependent on browsers or versions of browsers. Another aspect of this dependency is fonts: the serif font used for rendering formulae is browser-dependent and it may be missing some important glyphs.  While the browser generally capable to substitute a matching glyph from a different font family, it need not be the case for combined glyphs (compare&nbsp;&lsquo;&nbsp;<var>{{IPA|a&#773;}}</var>&nbsp;&rsquo; and&nbsp;&lsquo;&nbsp;<var style="font-family: SERIF">a&#773;</var>&nbsp;&rsquo;).
# When writing in {{TeX}}, editors need not worry about whether this or that version of this or that browser supports this or that HTML entity. The burden of these decisions is put on the software. This does not hold for HTML formulae, which can easily end up being rendered wrongly or differently from the editor&rsquo;s intentions on a different browser.{{ref|browsupp}}
# {{TeX}} formulae, by default, render larger and are usually more readable than HTML formulae and are not dependent on client-side browser resources, such as fonts, and so the results are more reliably WYSIWYG.
# While {{TeX}} does not assist you in finding HTML codes or Unicode values (which you can obtain by viewing the HTML source in your browser), cutting and pasting from a {{TeX}} PNG in Wikipedia into simple text will return the LaTeX source.

:<small>{{note|dilHTML}} unless your wikitext follows the style of point&nbsp;1.2</small>
:<small>{{note|entHTML}} The entity support problem is not limited to mathematical formulae though; it can be easily solved by using the corresponding characters instead of entities, as the character repertoire links do, except for cases where the corresponding glyphs are visually indiscernible (e.g. &amp;ndash; for &lsquo;&ndash;&rsquo; and &amp;minus; for &lsquo;&minus;&rsquo;).</small>

In some cases it may be the best choice to use neither {{TeX}} nor the html-substitutes, but instead the simple ASCII symbols of a standard keyboard (see below, for an example).

== Funciones, simbolos y caracteres especiales ==

<!-- Eight symbols per line seems to be optimal-->
=== Acentos y diacriticos ===

{| class="wikitable"
|<code>\acute{a} \grave{a} \hat{a} \tilde{a} \breve{a}</code>
|<math>\acute{a} \grave{a} \hat{a} \tilde{a} \breve{a}\,</math>
|-
|<code>\check{a} \bar{a} \ddot{a} \dot{a}</code>
|<math>\check{a} \bar{a} \ddot{a} \dot{a}</math>
|}

=== Funciones comunes ===
{| class="wikitable"
|<code>\sin a \cos b \tan c</code>
|<math>\sin a \cos b \tan c</math>
|-
|<code>\sec d \csc e \cot f</code>
|<math>\sec d \csc e \cot f\,</math>
|-
|<code>\arcsin h \arccos i \arctan j</code>
|<math>\arcsin h \arccos i \arctan j\,</math>
|-
|<code>\sinh k \cosh l \tanh m \coth n</code>
|<math>\sinh k \cosh l \tanh m \coth n</math>
|-
|<code>\operatorname{sh}o\,\operatorname{ch}p\,\operatorname{th}q</code>
|<math>\operatorname{sh}o\,\operatorname{ch}p\,\operatorname{th}q</math>
|-
|<code>\operatorname{arsinh}r\,\operatorname{arcosh}s\,\operatorname{artanh}t</code>
|<math>\operatorname{arsinh}r\,\operatorname{arcosh}s\,\operatorname{artanh}t</math>
|-
|<code>\lim u \limsup v \liminf w \min x \max y</code>
|<math>\lim u \limsup v \liminf w \min x \max y</math>
|-
|<code>\inf z \sup a \exp b \ln c \lg d \log e \log_{10} f \ker g</code>
|<math>\inf z \sup a \exp b \ln c \lg d \log e \log_{10} f \ker g</math>
|-
|<code>\deg h \gcd i \Pr j \det k \hom l \arg m \dim n</code>
|<math>\deg h \gcd i \Pr j \det k \hom l \arg m \dim n</math>
|}

=== Modular arithmetic ===

{| class="wikitable"
|<code>s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}</code>
|<math>s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}\,</math>
|-
|<code>a\,\bmod\,b</code>
|<math>a\,\bmod\,b\,</math>
|}

=== Derivatives ===

{| class="wikitable"
|<code>\nabla \, \partial x \, dx \, \dot x \, \ddot y\, dy/dx\, \frac{dy}{dx}\, \frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial x_1\,\partial x_2}</code>
|<math>\nabla \, \partial x \, dx \, \dot x \, \ddot y\, dy/dx\, \frac{dy}{dx}\, \frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial x_1\,\partial x_2}</math>
|}

=== Sets ===

{| class="wikitable"
|<code>\forall \exists \empty \emptyset \varnothing</code>
|<math>\forall \exists \empty \emptyset \varnothing\,</math>
|-
|<code>\in \ni \not \in \notin \subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq</code>
|<math>\in \ni \not \in \notin \subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq\,</math>
|-
|<code>\cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus \setminus \smallsetminus</code>
|<math>\cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus \setminus \smallsetminus\,</math>
|-
|<code>\sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup</code>
|<math>\sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup\,</math>
|}

=== Operators ===

{| class="wikitable"
|<code>+ \oplus \bigoplus \pm \mp - </code>
|<math>+ \oplus \bigoplus \pm \mp - \,</math>
|-
|<code>\times \otimes \bigotimes \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot</code>
|<math>\times \otimes \bigotimes \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot\,</math>
|-
|<code>\star * / \div \frac{1}{2}</code>
|<math>\star * / \div \frac{1}{2}\,</math>
|}

=== Logic ===

{| class="wikitable"
|<code>\land (or \and) \wedge \bigwedge \bar{q} \to p</code>
|<math>\land \wedge \bigwedge \bar{q} \to p\,</math>
|-
|<code>\lor \vee \bigvee \lnot \neg q \And</code>
|<math>\lor \vee \bigvee \lnot \neg q \And\,</math>
|}

=== Root ===

{| class="wikitable"
|<code>\sqrt{2} \sqrt[n]{x}</code>
|<math>\sqrt{2} \sqrt[n]{x}\,</math>
|}

=== Relations ===

{| class="wikitable"
|<code>\sim \approx \simeq \cong \dot=  \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}</code>
|<math>\sim \approx \simeq \cong \dot=  \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}\,</math>
|-
|<code>\le < \ll \gg \ge > \equiv \not\equiv \ne \mbox{or} \neq \propto</code>
|<math>\le < \ll \gg \ge > \equiv \not\equiv \ne \mbox{or} \neq \propto\,</math>
|-
|<code> \geqq \geqslant \eqslantgtr \gtrsim \gtrapprox</code>
|<math> \geqq \geqslant \eqslantgtr \gtrsim \gtrapprox</math>
|}

=== Geometrica ===

{| class="wikitable"
|<code><nowiki>\Diamond \Box \triangle \angle \perp \mid \nmid \| 45^\circ</nowiki></code>
|<math>\Diamond \, \Box \, \triangle \, \angle \perp \, \mid \; \nmid \, \| 45^\circ\,</math>
|}

=== Arrows ===

{| class="wikitable"
|<code>\leftarrow (or \gets) \rightarrow (or \to) \nleftarrow \nrightarrow \leftrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \longleftarrow \longrightarrow \longleftrightarrow</code>
|<math>\leftarrow \rightarrow \nleftarrow \nrightarrow \leftrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \longleftarrow \longrightarrow \longleftrightarrow \,</math>
|-
|<code>\Leftarrow \Rightarrow \nLeftarrow \nRightarrow \Leftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow \Longleftarrow \Longrightarrow (or \implies) \Longleftrightarrow (or \iff)</code>
|<math>\Leftarrow \Rightarrow \nLeftarrow \nRightarrow \Leftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow \Longleftarrow \Longrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow </math>
|-
|<code>\uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow  \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow</code>
|<math>\uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow  \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow </math>
|-
|<code>\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons</code>
|<math>\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons \,</math>
|-
|<code>\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \Rrightarrow \rightarrowtail \looparrowright</code>
|<math>\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \Rrightarrow \rightarrowtail \looparrowright \,</math>
|-
|<code>\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \Lleftarrow \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft</code>
|<math>\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \Lleftarrow \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft \,</math>
|-
|<code>\mapsto \longmapsto \hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow </code>
|<math>\mapsto \longmapsto \hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow \,</math>
|}

=== Special ===

{| class="wikitable"
|<code>\And \eth \S \P \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots</code>
|<math>\And \eth \S \P \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots\,</math>
|-
|<code>\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top</code>
|<math>\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top\,</math>
|-
|<code>\vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert \imath \hbar</code>
|<math>\vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert \imath \hbar\,</math>
|-
|<code>\ell \mho \Finv \Re \Im \wp \complement</code>
|<math>\ell \mho \Finv \Re \Im \wp \complement\,</math>
|-
|<code>\diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit \Game \flat \natural \sharp</code>
|<math>\diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit \Game \flat \natural \sharp\,</math>
|}

=== Unsorted (new stuff) ===

{| class="wikitable"
|<code> \vartriangle \triangledown \lozenge \circledS \measuredangle \nexists \Bbbk \backprime \blacktriangle \blacktriangledown</code>
|<math> \vartriangle \triangledown \lozenge \circledS \measuredangle \nexists \Bbbk \backprime \blacktriangle \blacktriangledown</math>
|-
|<code> \blacksquare \blacklozenge \bigstar \sphericalangle \diagup \diagdown \dotplus \Cap \Cup \barwedge</code>
|<math> \blacksquare \blacklozenge \bigstar \sphericalangle \diagup \diagdown \dotplus \Cap \Cup \barwedge</math>
|-
|<code> \veebar \doublebarwedge \boxminus \boxtimes \boxdot \boxplus \divideontimes \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes</code>
|<math> \veebar \doublebarwedge \boxminus \boxtimes \boxdot \boxplus \divideontimes \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes</math>
|-
|<code> \rightthreetimes \curlywedge \curlyvee \circleddash \circledast \circledcirc \centerdot \intercal \leqq \leqslant</code>
|<math> \rightthreetimes \curlywedge \curlyvee \circleddash \circledast \circledcirc \centerdot \intercal \leqq \leqslant</math>
|-
|<code> \eqslantless \lessapprox \approxeq \lessdot \lll \lessgtr \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \doteqdot \risingdotseq</code>
|<math> \eqslantless \lessapprox \approxeq \lessdot \lll \lessgtr \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \doteqdot \risingdotseq</math>
|-
|<code> \fallingdotseq \backsim \backsimeq \subseteqq \Subset \preccurlyeq \curlyeqprec \precsim \precapprox \vartriangleleft</code>
|<math> \fallingdotseq \backsim \backsimeq \subseteqq \Subset \preccurlyeq \curlyeqprec \precsim \precapprox \vartriangleleft</math>
|-
|<code> \Vvdash \bumpeq \Bumpeq \eqsim \gtrdot</code>
|<math> \Vvdash \bumpeq \Bumpeq \eqsim \gtrdot</math>
|-
|<code> \ggg \gtrless \gtreqless \gtreqqless \eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \thicksim \thickapprox \supseteqq</code>
|<math> \ggg \gtrless \gtreqless \gtreqqless \eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \thicksim \thickapprox \supseteqq</math>
|-
|<code> \Supset \succcurlyeq \curlyeqsucc \succsim \succapprox \vartriangleright \shortmid \between \shortparallel \pitchfork</code>
|<math> \Supset \succcurlyeq \curlyeqsucc \succsim \succapprox \vartriangleright \shortmid \between \shortparallel \pitchfork</math>
|-
|<code> \varpropto \blacktriangleleft \therefore \backepsilon \blacktriangleright \because \nleqslant \nleqq \lneq \lneqq</code>
|<math> \varpropto \blacktriangleleft \therefore \backepsilon \blacktriangleright \because \nleqslant \nleqq \lneq \lneqq</math>
|-
|<code> \lvertneqq \lnsim \lnapprox \nprec \npreceq \precneqq \precnsim \precnapprox \nsim \nshortmid</code>
|<math> \lvertneqq \lnsim \lnapprox \nprec \npreceq \precneqq \precnsim \precnapprox \nsim \nshortmid</math>
|-
|<code> \nvdash \nVdash \ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \nsubseteq \nsubseteqq \varsubsetneq \subsetneqq \varsubsetneqq \ngtr</code>
|<math> \nvdash \nVdash \ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \nsubseteq \nsubseteqq \varsubsetneq \subsetneqq \varsubsetneqq \ngtr</math>
|-
|<code>\subsetneq</code>
|<math>\subsetneq</math>
|-
|<code> \ngeqslant \ngeqq \gneq \gneqq \gvertneqq \gnsim \gnapprox \nsucc \nsucceq \succneqq</code>
|<math> \ngeqslant \ngeqq \gneq \gneqq \gvertneqq \gnsim \gnapprox \nsucc \nsucceq \succneqq</math>
|-
|<code> \succnsim \succnapprox \ncong \nshortparallel \nparallel \nvDash \nVDash \ntriangleright \ntrianglerighteq \nsupseteq</code>
|<math> \succnsim \succnapprox \ncong \nshortparallel \nparallel \nvDash \nVDash \ntriangleright \ntrianglerighteq \nsupseteq</math>
|-
|<code> \nsupseteqq \varsupsetneq \supsetneqq \varsupsetneqq</code>
|<math> \nsupseteqq \varsupsetneq \supsetneqq \varsupsetneqq</math>
|-
|<code>\jmath \surd \ast \uplus \diamond \bigtriangleup \bigtriangledown \ominus</code>
|<math>\jmath \surd \ast \uplus \diamond \bigtriangleup \bigtriangledown \ominus\,</math>
|-
|<code>\oslash \odot \bigcirc \amalg \prec \succ \preceq \succeq</code>
|<math>\oslash \odot \bigcirc \amalg \prec \succ \preceq \succeq\,</math>
|-
|<code>\dashv \asymp \doteq \parallel</code>
|<math>\dashv \asymp \doteq \parallel\,</math>
|-
|<code>\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner</code>
|<math>\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner</math>
|-
|<code>\Coppa\coppa\varcoppa\Digamma\Koppa\koppa\Sampi\sampi\Stigma\stigma\varstigma</code>
|<math>\Coppa\coppa\varcoppa\Digamma\Koppa\koppa\Sampi\sampi\Stigma\stigma\varstigma</math>
|}

== Larger expressions ==
=== Subscripts, superscripts, integrals ===
{| class="wikitable" 
!rowspan="2"|Feature!!rowspan="2"|Syntax!!colspan="2"|How it looks rendered
|-
!HTML!!PNG
|-
|-
|Superscript||<code>a^2</code>||<math>a^2</math>||<math>a^2 \,</math>
|-
|Subscript||<code>a_2</code>||<math>a_2</math>||<math>a_2 \,</math>
|-
|rowspan=2|Grouping||<code>a^{2+2}</code>||<math>a^{2+2}</math>||<math>a^{2+2}\,</math>
|-
|<code>a_{i,j}</code>||<math>a_{i,j}</math>||<math>a_{i,j}\,</math>
|-
|rowspan=2|Combining sub & super without and with horizontal separation||<code>x_2^3</code>||<math>x_2^3</math>||<math>x_2^3 \,</math>
|-
|<code>{x_2}^3</code>||<math>{x_2}^3</math>||<math>{x_2}^3 \,</math>
|-
|Super super||<code>10^{10^{ \,\!{8} }</code>||colspan=2|<math>10^{10^{ \,\! 8 } }</math>
|-
|Super super||<code>10^{10^{ \overset{8}{} }}</code>||colspan=2|<math>10^{10^{ \overset{8}{} }}</math>
|-
|Super super (wrong in HTML in some browsers)||<code>10^{10^8}</code> ||colspan=2|<math>10^{10^8}</math>
|-
|rowspan="3"|Preceding and/or Additional sub & super
|<code>_nP_k</code>||<math>_nP_k</math>||<math>_nP_k \,</math>
|-
|<code>\sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b</code>||colspan=2|<math>\sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b</math>
|-
|<code>{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4</code>||colspan=2|<math>{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4</math>
|-
|rowspan="4"|Stacking
|<code>\overset{\alpha}{\omega}</code>||colspan="2"|<math>\overset{\alpha}{\omega}</math>
|-
|<code>\underset{\alpha}{\omega}</code>||colspan="2"|<math>\underset{\alpha}{\omega}</math>
|-
|<code>\overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}}</code>||colspan="2"|<math>\overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}}</math>
|-
|<code>\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega}</code>||colspan="2"|<math>\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega}</math>
|-
|Derivative (forced PNG)||<code>x', y<nowiki>''</nowiki>, f', f<nowiki>''</nowiki></code>||&nbsp;||<math>x', y'', f', f''</math>
|-
|Derivative (f in italics may overlap primes in HTML)||<code>x', y<nowiki>''</nowiki>, f', f<nowiki>''</nowiki></code>||<math>x', y'', f', f''</math>||<math>x', y'', f', f''</math>
|-
|Derivative (wrong in HTML)||<code>x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}</code>||<math>x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}</math>||<math>x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}\,</math>
|-
|Derivative (wrong in PNG)||<code>x\prime, y\prime\prime</code>||<math>x\prime, y\prime\prime</math>||<math>x\prime, y\prime\prime\,</math>
|-
|Derivative dots||<code>\dot{x}, \ddot{x}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\dot{x}, \ddot{x}</math>
|-
|rowspan="4"|Underlines, overlines, vectors||<code>\hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c</code>||colspan=2|<math>\hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c</math>
|-
|<code>\overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f}</math>
|-
|<code>\overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}</math>
|-
|<code>\not 1 \ \cancel{123}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\not 1 \ \cancel{123}</math>
|-
|Arrows||<code> A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C</code>||colspan=2|<math> A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C</math>
|-
|Overbraces||<code>\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{\text{sum}\,=\,5050}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{\text{sum}\,=\,5050}</math>
|-
|Underbraces||<code>\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26\text{ terms}}</code>||colspan=2|<math>\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26\text{ terms}}</math>
|-
|Sum||<code>\sum_{k=1}^N k^2</code>||colspan=2|<math>\sum_{k=1}^N k^2</math>
|-
|Sum (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>)||<code>\textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2 </code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2</math>
|-
|Product||<code>\prod_{i=1}^N x_i</code>||colspan=2|<math>\prod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|-
|Product (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>)||<code>\textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i</code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|-
|Coproduct||<code>\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</code>||colspan=2|<math>\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|-
|Coproduct (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>)||<code>\textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</math>
|-
|Limit||<code>\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</code>||colspan=2|<math>\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</math>
|-
|Limit (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>)||<code>\textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</math>
|-
|Integral||<code>\int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</code>||colspan=2|<math>\int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</math>
|-
|Integral (alternate limits style)||<code>\int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</code>||colspan=2|<math>\int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</math>
|-
|Integral (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>)||<code>\textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math>
|-
|Integral (force&nbsp;<code>\textstyle</code>, alternate limits style)||<code>\textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</code>||colspan=2|<math>\textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math>
|-
|Double integral||<code>\iint\limits_D \, dx\,dy</code>||colspan=2|<math>\iint\limits_D \, dx\,dy</math>
|-
|Triple integral||<code>\iiint\limits_E \, dx\,dy\,dz</code>||colspan=2|<math>\iiint\limits_E \, dx\,dy\,dz</math>
|-
|Quadruple integral||<code>\iiiint\limits_F \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt</code>||colspan=2|<math>\iiiint\limits_F \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt</math>
|-
|Line or path integral||<code>\int_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</code>||colspan=2|<math>\int_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</math>
|-
|Closed line or path integral||<code>\oint_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</code>||colspan=2|<math>\oint_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</math>
|-
|Intersections||<code>\bigcap_1^n p</code>||colspan=2|<math>\bigcap_1^n p</math>
|-
|Unions||<code>\bigcup_1^k p</code>||colspan=2|<math>\bigcup_1^k p</math>
|}

=== Fractions, matrices, multilines ===

{|  class="wikitable" 
! Feature
! Syntax
! How it looks rendered
|- 
| Fractions
| <code>\frac{1}{2}=0.5</code>
| <math>\frac{1}{2}=0.5</math>
|- 
| Small ("text style") fractions
| <code>\tfrac{1}{2} = 0.5</code>
| <math>\tfrac{1}{2} = 0.5</math>
|- 
| Large ("display style") fractions
| <code>\dfrac{k}{k-1} = 0.5</code>
| <math>\dfrac{k}{k-1} = 0.5</math>
|- 
| Mixture of large and small fractions
| <code>\dfrac{ \tfrac{1}{2}[1-(\tfrac{1}{2})^n] }{ 1-\tfrac{1}{2} } = s_n</code>
| <math>\dfrac{ \tfrac{1}{2}[1-(\tfrac{1}{2})^n] }{ 1-\tfrac{1}{2} } = s_n</math>
|- 
| Continued fractions <small>(note the difference in formatting)</small>
| <pre>\cfrac{2}{ c + \cfrac{2}{ d + \cfrac{1}{2} } } = a
\qquad
\dfrac{2}{ c + \dfrac{2}{ d + \dfrac{1}{2} } } = a</pre>
| <math>\cfrac{2}{ c + \cfrac{2}{ d + \cfrac{1}{2} } } = a \qquad \dfrac{2}{ c + \dfrac{2}{ d + \dfrac{1}{2} } } = a</math>
|- 
| Binomial coefficients
| <code>\binom{n}{k}</code>
| <math>\binom{n}{k}</math>
|- 
| Small ("text style") binomial coefficients
| <code>\tbinom{n}{k}</code>
| <math>\tbinom{n}{k}</math>
|- 
| Large ("display style") binomial coefficients
| <code>\dbinom{n}{k}</code>
| <math>\dbinom{n}{k}</math>
|- 
|  rowspan="7" | Matrices
| <pre>\begin{matrix}
x & y \\
z & v 
\end{matrix}</pre>
| <math>\begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v
\end{matrix}</math>
|- 
| <pre>\begin{vmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v 
\end{vmatrix}</pre>
| <math>\begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v
\end{vmatrix}</math>
|- 
| <pre>\begin{Vmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{Vmatrix}</pre>
| <math>\begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v
\end{Vmatrix}</math>
|- 
| <pre>\begin{bmatrix}
0      & \cdots & 0      \\
\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 
0      & \cdots & 0
\end{bmatrix}</pre>
| <math>\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots
& \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots &
0\end{bmatrix} </math>
|- 
| <pre>\begin{Bmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{Bmatrix}</pre>
| <math>\begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v
\end{Bmatrix}</math>
|- 
| <pre>\begin{pmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v 
\end{pmatrix}</pre>
| <math>\begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v
\end{pmatrix}</math>
|- 
| <pre>
\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix}
a&b\\ c&d
\end{smallmatrix} \bigr)
</pre>
| <math>
\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix}
a&b\\ c&d
\end{smallmatrix} \bigr)
</math>
|- 
| Arrays
| <pre>
\begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\
\hline
0&0&1\\
0&1&1\\
1&0&1\\
1&1&0\\
\end{array}
</pre>
| <math>
\begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\
\hline
0&0&1\\
0&1&1\\
1&0&1\\
1&1&0\\
\end{array}
</math>
|- 
| Cases
| <pre>
f(n) = 
\begin{cases} 
n/2,  & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\
3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd} 
\end{cases}</pre>
| <math>f(n) = 
\begin{cases}
n/2,  & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\ 
3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd} 
\end{cases} </math>
|- 
| System of equations
| <pre>\begin{cases}
3x + 5y +  z &= 1 \\
7x - 2y + 4z &= 2 \\
-6x + 3y + 2z &= 3
\end{cases}</pre>
| <math>\begin{cases}
3x + 5y +  z &= 1 \\
7x - 2y + 4z &= 2 \\
-6x + 3y + 2z &= 3
\end{cases}</math>
|- 
| Breaking up a long expression so it wraps when necessary
| <pre><nowiki><math>f(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n</math>
<math>= a_0 + a_1x + a_2x^2 + \cdots</math></nowiki></pre>
| <math>f(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n</math> <math>= a_0 + a_1x + a_2x^2 + \cdots</math>
|- 
|  rowspan="2" | Multiline equations
| <pre>
\begin{align}
f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\
& = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\
\end{align}
</pre>
| <math>
\begin{align}
f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\
& = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\
\end{align}
</math>
|- 
| <pre>
\begin{alignat}{2}
f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\
& = a^2-2ab+b^2 \\
\end{alignat}
</pre>
| <math>
\begin{alignat}{2}
f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\
& = a^2-2ab+b^2 \\
\end{alignat}
</math>
|- 
| rowspan="2" | Multiline equations with aligment specified <small>(<u>l</u>eft, <u>c</u>enter, <u>r</u>ight)</small>
| <pre>
\begin{array}{lcl}
z        & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z  
\end{array}</pre>
| <math>\begin{array}{lcl}
z        & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z  
\end{array}</math>
|- 
| <pre>
\begin{array}{lcr}
z        & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z     
\end{array}</pre>
| <math>\begin{array}{lcr}
z        & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z     
\end{array}</math>
|}

=== Parenthesizing big expressions, brackets, bars ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Feature !! Syntax !! How it looks rendered
|-
| Bad
| <code>( \frac{1}{2} )</code>
| <math>( \frac{1}{2} )</math>
|-
| Good
| <code>\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )</code>
| <math>\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )</math>
|}

You can use various delimiters with <tt>\left</tt> and <tt>\right</tt>: 

{| class="wikitable"
! Feature
! Syntax
! How it looks rendered
|-
| Parentheses
| <code>\left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )</code>
| <math>\left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )</math>
|-
| Brackets
| <code>\left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack</code>
| <math>\left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack</math>
|-
| Braces <small>(note the backslash before the braces in the code)</small>
| <code>\left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace</code>
| <math>\left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace</math>
|-
| Angle brackets
| <code>\left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle</code>
| <math>\left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle</math>
|-
| Bars and double bars <small>(note: "bars" provide the absolute value function)</small>
| <code><nowiki>\left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|</nowiki></code>
| <math>\left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|</math>
|-
| Floor and ceiling functions:
| <code>\left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil</code>
| <math>\left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil</math>
|-
| Slashes and backslashes
| <code>\left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash</code>
| <math>\left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash</math>
|-
| Up, down and up-down arrows
| <code>\left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow</code>
| <math>\left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow</math>
|-
| Delimiters can be mixed, as long as <tt>\left</tt> and <tt>\right</tt> are both used
| <code>\left [ 0,1 \right )</code> <br/> <code><nowiki>\left \langle \psi \right |</nowiki></code>
| <math>\left [ 0,1 \right )</math> <br/> <math>\left \langle \psi \right |</math>
|-
| Use <tt>\left.</tt> or <tt>\right.</tt> if you don't want a delimiter to appear:
| <code>\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X</code>
| <math>\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X</math>
|-
| rowspan="7" | Size of the delimiters
| <code>\big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( \dots \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]<code>
| <math>\big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( \dots \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]</math>
|-
| <code>\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ \dots \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle</code>
| <math>\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ \dots \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle</math>
|-
| <code><nowiki>\big| \Big| \bigg| \Bigg| \dots \Bigg\| \bigg\| \Big\| \big\|</nowiki></code>
| <math>\big| \Big| \bigg| \Bigg| \dots \Bigg\| \bigg\| \Big\| \big\|</math>
|-
| <code>\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor \dots \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil</code>
| <math>\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor \dots \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil</math>
|-
| <code>\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow \dots \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow</code>
| <math>\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow \dots \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow</math>
|-
| <code>\big\updownarrow \Big\updownarrow \bigg\updownarrow \Bigg\updownarrow \dots \Bigg\Updownarrow \bigg\Updownarrow \Big\Updownarrow \big\Updownarrow</code>
| <math>\big\updownarrow \Big\updownarrow \bigg\updownarrow \Bigg\updownarrow \dots \Bigg\Updownarrow \bigg\Updownarrow \Big\Updownarrow \big\Updownarrow</math>
|-
| <code>\big / \Big / \bigg / \Bigg / \dots \Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash</code>
| <math>\big / \Big / \bigg / \Bigg / \dots \Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash</math>
|}

== Alphabets and typefaces == 
[[w:Texvc|Texvc]] cannot render arbitrary [[w:Unicode|Unicode]] characters. Those it can handle can be entered by the expressions below.
For others, such as [[w:Cyrillic|Cyrillic]], they can be entered as Unicode or HTML entities in running text, but cannot be used in displayed formulas.

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Greek alphabet
|-
|<code><nowiki>\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta</nowiki></code>
|<math>\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\Eta \Theta \Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu</nowiki></code>
|<math>\Eta \Theta \Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\Nu \Xi \Omicron \Pi \Rho \Sigma \Tau</nowiki></code>
|<math>\Nu \Xi \Omicron \Pi \Rho \Sigma \Tau\,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega</nowiki></code>
|<math>\Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta</nowiki></code>
|<math>\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu</nowiki></code>
|<math>\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\nu \xi \omicron \pi \rho \sigma \tau</nowiki></code>
|<math>\nu \xi \pi \omicron \rho \sigma \tau \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega</nowiki></code>
|<math>\upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\varepsilon \digamma \vartheta \varkappa</nowiki></code>
|<math>\varepsilon \digamma \vartheta \varkappa \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi</nowiki></code>
|<math>\varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi\,</math>
|-
! colspan="2" | Blackboard Bold/Scripts
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbb{A} \mathbb{B} \mathbb{C} \mathbb{D} \mathbb{E} \mathbb{F} \mathbb{G}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbb{A} \mathbb{B} \mathbb{C} \mathbb{D} \mathbb{E} \mathbb{F} \mathbb{G} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbb{H} \mathbb{I} \mathbb{J} \mathbb{K} \mathbb{L} \mathbb{M}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbb{H} \mathbb{I} \mathbb{J} \mathbb{K} \mathbb{L} \mathbb{M} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbb{N} \mathbb{O} \mathbb{P} \mathbb{Q} \mathbb{R} \mathbb{S} \mathbb{T}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbb{N} \mathbb{O} \mathbb{P} \mathbb{Q} \mathbb{R} \mathbb{S} \mathbb{T} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbb{U} \mathbb{V} \mathbb{W} \mathbb{X} \mathbb{Y} \mathbb{Z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbb{U} \mathbb{V} \mathbb{W} \mathbb{X} \mathbb{Y} \mathbb{Z}\,</math>
|-
| <code><nowiki>\C \N \Q \R \Z</nowiki></code>
|<math>\C \N \Q \R \Z</math>
|-
! colspan="2" | boldface (vectors)
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{A} \mathbf{B} \mathbf{C} \mathbf{D} \mathbf{E} \mathbf{F} \mathbf{G}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{A} \mathbf{B} \mathbf{C} \mathbf{D} \mathbf{E} \mathbf{F} \mathbf{G} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{H} \mathbf{I} \mathbf{J} \mathbf{K} \mathbf{L} \mathbf{M}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{H} \mathbf{I} \mathbf{J} \mathbf{K} \mathbf{L} \mathbf{M} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{N} \mathbf{O} \mathbf{P} \mathbf{Q} \mathbf{R} \mathbf{S} \mathbf{T}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{N} \mathbf{O} \mathbf{P} \mathbf{Q} \mathbf{R} \mathbf{S} \mathbf{T} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{U} \mathbf{V} \mathbf{W} \mathbf{X} \mathbf{Y} \mathbf{Z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{U} \mathbf{V} \mathbf{W} \mathbf{X} \mathbf{Y} \mathbf{Z} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{a} \mathbf{b} \mathbf{c} \mathbf{d} \mathbf{e} \mathbf{f} \mathbf{g}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{a} \mathbf{b} \mathbf{c} \mathbf{d} \mathbf{e} \mathbf{f} \mathbf{g} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{h} \mathbf{i} \mathbf{j} \mathbf{k} \mathbf{l} \mathbf{m}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{h} \mathbf{i} \mathbf{j} \mathbf{k} \mathbf{l} \mathbf{m} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{n} \mathbf{o} \mathbf{p} \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r} \mathbf{s} \mathbf{t}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{n} \mathbf{o} \mathbf{p} \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r} \mathbf{s} \mathbf{t} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{u} \mathbf{v} \mathbf{w} \mathbf{x} \mathbf{y} \mathbf{z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{u} \mathbf{v} \mathbf{w} \mathbf{x} \mathbf{y} \mathbf{z} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{0} \mathbf{1} \mathbf{2} \mathbf{3} \mathbf{4}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{0} \mathbf{1} \mathbf{2} \mathbf{3} \mathbf{4} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathbf{5} \mathbf{6} \mathbf{7} \mathbf{8} \mathbf{9}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathbf{5} \mathbf{6} \mathbf{7} \mathbf{8} \mathbf{9}\,</math>
|-
! colspan="2" | Boldface (greek)
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\Alpha} \boldsymbol{\Beta} \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{\Epsilon} \boldsymbol{\Zeta}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\Alpha} \boldsymbol{\Beta} \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{\Epsilon} \boldsymbol{\Zeta} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\Eta} \boldsymbol{\Theta} \boldsymbol{\Iota} \boldsymbol{\Kappa} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\Mu}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\Eta} \boldsymbol{\Theta} \boldsymbol{\Iota} \boldsymbol{\Kappa} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\Mu}\,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\Nu} \boldsymbol{\Xi} \boldsymbol{\Pi} \boldsymbol{\Rho} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \boldsymbol{\Tau}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\Nu} \boldsymbol{\Xi} \boldsymbol{\Pi} \boldsymbol{\Rho} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \boldsymbol{\Tau}\,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\Upsilon} \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\Chi} \boldsymbol{\Psi} \boldsymbol{\Omega}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\Upsilon} \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\Chi} \boldsymbol{\Psi} \boldsymbol{\Omega}\,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\beta} \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\delta} \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \boldsymbol{\zeta}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\beta} \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\delta} \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \boldsymbol{\zeta}\,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\eta} \boldsymbol{\theta} \boldsymbol{\iota} \boldsymbol{\kappa} \boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\eta} \boldsymbol{\theta} \boldsymbol{\iota} \boldsymbol{\kappa} \boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}\,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\nu} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\pi} \boldsymbol{\rho} \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{\tau}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\nu} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\pi} \boldsymbol{\rho} \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{\tau}\,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\upsilon} \boldsymbol{\phi} \boldsymbol{\chi} \boldsymbol{\psi} \boldsymbol{\omega}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\upsilon} \boldsymbol{\phi} \boldsymbol{\chi} \boldsymbol{\psi} \boldsymbol{\omega}\,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \boldsymbol{\digamma} \boldsymbol{\vartheta} \boldsymbol{\varkappa}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \boldsymbol{\digamma} \boldsymbol{\vartheta} \boldsymbol{\varkappa} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\boldsymbol{\varpi} \boldsymbol{\varrho} \boldsymbol{\varsigma} \boldsymbol{\varphi}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\boldsymbol{\varpi} \boldsymbol{\varrho} \boldsymbol{\varsigma} \boldsymbol{\varphi}\,</math>
|-
! colspan="2" | Italics
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{A} \mathit{B} \mathit{C} \mathit{D} \mathit{E} \mathit{F} \mathit{G}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{A} \mathit{B} \mathit{C} \mathit{D} \mathit{E} \mathit{F} \mathit{G} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{H} \mathit{I} \mathit{J} \mathit{K} \mathit{L} \mathit{M}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{H} \mathit{I} \mathit{J} \mathit{K} \mathit{L} \mathit{M} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{N} \mathit{O} \mathit{P} \mathit{Q} \mathit{R} \mathit{S} \mathit{T}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{N} \mathit{O} \mathit{P} \mathit{Q} \mathit{R} \mathit{S} \mathit{T} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{U} \mathit{V} \mathit{W} \mathit{X} \mathit{Y} \mathit{Z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{U} \mathit{V} \mathit{W} \mathit{X} \mathit{Y} \mathit{Z} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{a} \mathit{b} \mathit{c} \mathit{d} \mathit{e} \mathit{f} \mathit{g}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{a} \mathit{b} \mathit{c} \mathit{d} \mathit{e} \mathit{f} \mathit{g} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{h} \mathit{i} \mathit{j} \mathit{k} \mathit{l} \mathit{m}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{h} \mathit{i} \mathit{j} \mathit{k} \mathit{l} \mathit{m} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{n} \mathit{o} \mathit{p} \mathit{q} \mathit{r} \mathit{s} \mathit{t}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{n} \mathit{o} \mathit{p} \mathit{q} \mathit{r} \mathit{s} \mathit{t} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{u} \mathit{v} \mathit{w} \mathit{x} \mathit{y} \mathit{z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{u} \mathit{v} \mathit{w} \mathit{x} \mathit{y} \mathit{z} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{0} \mathit{1} \mathit{2} \mathit{3} \mathit{4}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{0} \mathit{1} \mathit{2} \mathit{3} \mathit{4} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathit{5} \mathit{6} \mathit{7} \mathit{8} \mathit{9}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathit{5} \mathit{6} \mathit{7} \mathit{8} \mathit{9}\,</math>
|-
! colspan="2" | Roman typeface
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{A} \mathrm{B} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{D} \mathrm{E} \mathrm{F} \mathrm{G}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{A} \mathrm{B} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{D} \mathrm{E} \mathrm{F} \mathrm{G} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{H} \mathrm{I} \mathrm{J} \mathrm{K} \mathrm{L} \mathrm{M}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{H} \mathrm{I} \mathrm{J} \mathrm{K} \mathrm{L} \mathrm{M} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{N} \mathrm{O} \mathrm{P} \mathrm{Q} \mathrm{R} \mathrm{S} \mathrm{T}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{N} \mathrm{O} \mathrm{P} \mathrm{Q} \mathrm{R} \mathrm{S} \mathrm{T} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{U} \mathrm{V} \mathrm{W} \mathrm{X} \mathrm{Y} \mathrm{Z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{U} \mathrm{V} \mathrm{W} \mathrm{X} \mathrm{Y} \mathrm{Z} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{a} \mathrm{b} \mathrm{c} \mathrm{d} \mathrm{e} \mathrm{f} \mathrm{g}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{a} \mathrm{b} \mathrm{c} \mathrm{d} \mathrm{e} \mathrm{f} \mathrm{g}\,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{h} \mathrm{i} \mathrm{j} \mathrm{k} \mathrm{l} \mathrm{m}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{h} \mathrm{i} \mathrm{j} \mathrm{k} \mathrm{l} \mathrm{m} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{n} \mathrm{o} \mathrm{p} \mathrm{q} \mathrm{r} \mathrm{s} \mathrm{t}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{n} \mathrm{o} \mathrm{p} \mathrm{q} \mathrm{r} \mathrm{s} \mathrm{t} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{u} \mathrm{v} \mathrm{w} \mathrm{x} \mathrm{y} \mathrm{z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{u} \mathrm{v} \mathrm{w} \mathrm{x} \mathrm{y} \mathrm{z} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{0} \mathrm{1} \mathrm{2} \mathrm{3} \mathrm{4}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{0} \mathrm{1} \mathrm{2} \mathrm{3} \mathrm{4} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathrm{5} \mathrm{6} \mathrm{7} \mathrm{8} \mathrm{9}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathrm{5} \mathrm{6} \mathrm{7} \mathrm{8} \mathrm{9}\,</math>
|-
! colspan="2" | Fraktur typeface
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{A} \mathfrak{B} \mathfrak{C} \mathfrak{D} \mathfrak{E} \mathfrak{F} \mathfrak{G}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{A} \mathfrak{B} \mathfrak{C} \mathfrak{D} \mathfrak{E} \mathfrak{F} \mathfrak{G} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{H} \mathfrak{I} \mathfrak{J} \mathfrak{K} \mathfrak{L} \mathfrak{M}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{H} \mathfrak{I} \mathfrak{J} \mathfrak{K} \mathfrak{L} \mathfrak{M} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{N} \mathfrak{O} \mathfrak{P} \mathfrak{Q} \mathfrak{R} \mathfrak{S} \mathfrak{T}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{N} \mathfrak{O} \mathfrak{P} \mathfrak{Q} \mathfrak{R} \mathfrak{S} \mathfrak{T} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{U} \mathfrak{V} \mathfrak{W} \mathfrak{X} \mathfrak{Y} \mathfrak{Z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{U} \mathfrak{V} \mathfrak{W} \mathfrak{X} \mathfrak{Y} \mathfrak{Z} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{a} \mathfrak{b} \mathfrak{c} \mathfrak{d} \mathfrak{e} \mathfrak{f} \mathfrak{g}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{a} \mathfrak{b} \mathfrak{c} \mathfrak{d} \mathfrak{e} \mathfrak{f} \mathfrak{g} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{h} \mathfrak{i} \mathfrak{j} \mathfrak{k} \mathfrak{l} \mathfrak{m}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{h} \mathfrak{i} \mathfrak{j} \mathfrak{k} \mathfrak{l} \mathfrak{m} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{n} \mathfrak{o} \mathfrak{p} \mathfrak{q} \mathfrak{r} \mathfrak{s} \mathfrak{t}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{n} \mathfrak{o} \mathfrak{p} \mathfrak{q} \mathfrak{r} \mathfrak{s} \mathfrak{t} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{u} \mathfrak{v} \mathfrak{w} \mathfrak{x} \mathfrak{y} \mathfrak{z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{u} \mathfrak{v} \mathfrak{w} \mathfrak{x} \mathfrak{y} \mathfrak{z} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{0} \mathfrak{1} \mathfrak{2} \mathfrak{3} \mathfrak{4}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{0} \mathfrak{1} \mathfrak{2} \mathfrak{3} \mathfrak{4} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathfrak{5} \mathfrak{6} \mathfrak{7} \mathfrak{8} \mathfrak{9}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathfrak{5} \mathfrak{6} \mathfrak{7} \mathfrak{8} \mathfrak{9}\,</math>
|-
! colspan="2" | Calligraphy/Script
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{C} \mathcal{D} \mathcal{E} \mathcal{F} \mathcal{G}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{C} \mathcal{D} \mathcal{E} \mathcal{F} \mathcal{G} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathcal{H} \mathcal{I} \mathcal{J} \mathcal{K} \mathcal{L} \mathcal{M}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathcal{H} \mathcal{I} \mathcal{J} \mathcal{K} \mathcal{L} \mathcal{M} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathcal{N} \mathcal{O} \mathcal{P} \mathcal{Q} \mathcal{R} \mathcal{S} \mathcal{T}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathcal{N} \mathcal{O} \mathcal{P} \mathcal{Q} \mathcal{R} \mathcal{S} \mathcal{T} \,</math>
|-
|<code><nowiki>\mathcal{U} \mathcal{V} \mathcal{W} \mathcal{X} \mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z}</nowiki></code>
|<math>\mathcal{U} \mathcal{V} \mathcal{W} \mathcal{X} \mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z}\,</math>
|-
! colspan="2" | Hebrew
|-
|<code><nowiki>\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth</nowiki></code>
|<math>\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth\,</math>
|}


{|  class="wikitable" 
! Feature
! Syntax
!  colspan="2" | How it looks rendered
|- 
| non-italicised characters
| <code><nowiki>\mbox{abc}</nowiki></code>
| <math>\mbox{abc}</math>
| <math>\mbox{abc} \,</math>
|- 
| mixed italics (bad)
| <code><nowiki>\mbox{if} n \mbox{is even}</nowiki></code>
| <math>\mbox{if} n \mbox{is even}</math>
| <math>\mbox{if} n \mbox{is even} \,</math>
|- 
| mixed italics (good)
| <code><nowiki>\mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even}</nowiki></code>
| <math>\mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even}</math>
| <math>\mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \,</math>
|- 
| mixed italics (more legible: ~ is a non-breaking space, while "\ " forces a space)
| <code><nowiki>\mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even}</nowiki></code>
| <math>\mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even}</math>
| <math>\mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even} \,</math>
|}

== Color ==

Equations can use color:

*<code>{\color{Blue}x^2}+{\color{YellowOrange}2x}-{\color{OliveGreen}1}</code>
*:<math>{\color{Blue}x^2}+{\color{YellowOrange}2x}-{\color{OliveGreen}1}</math>

*<code>x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{\color{Red}b^2-4ac}}{2a}</code>
*:<math>x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{\color{Red}b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math>

It is also possible to change the background color (since [[rev:59550|r59550]]), as in the following example:
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Background
! Wikicode
! Rendering (in PNG)
|-
! rowspan=2 | White
| <code>e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</code>
| <math>e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,</math>
|-
| <code>'''\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}'''e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</code>
| <math>\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,</math></span>
|-
! rowspan=2 | Orange
| <code>e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</code>
| style="background-color:orange;" | <math>e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,</math>
|-
| <code>'''\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}'''e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0</code>
| style="background-color:orange;" | <math>\definecolor{orange}{RGB}{255,165,0}\pagecolor{orange}e^{i \pi} + 1 = 0\,</math>
|}

See here for [http://oregonstate.edu/%7Epeterseb/tex/samples/docs/color-package-demo.pdf all named colors] supported by LaTeX.

Note that color should not be used as the ''only'' way to identify something, because it will become meaningless on black-and-white media or for color-blind people.  See [[en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Color coding]].

== Formatting issues ==
=== Spacing ===
Note that {{TeX}} handles most spacing automatically, but you may sometimes want manual control. 

{|  class="wikitable"
! Feature
! Syntax
! How it looks rendered
|- 
| double quad space
| <code><nowiki>a \qquad b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a \qquad b</math>
|- 
| quad space
| <code><nowiki>a \quad b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a \quad b</math>
|- 
| text space
| <code><nowiki>a\ b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a\ b</math>
|- 
| text space without PNG conversion
| <code><nowiki>a \mbox{ } b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a \mbox{ } b</math>
|- 
| large space
| <code><nowiki>a\;b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a\;b</math>
|- 
| medium space
| <code><nowiki>a\&gt;b</nowiki></code>
| [not supported]
|- 
| small space
| <code><nowiki>a\,b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a\,b</math>
|- 
| no space
| <code><nowiki>ab</nowiki></code>
| <math>ab\,</math>
|- 
| small negative space
| <code><nowiki>a\!b</nowiki></code>
| <math>a\!b</math>
|}

Automatic spacing may be broken in very long expressions (because they produce an overfull hbox in {{TeX}}):
:<code><nowiki><math>0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots</math></nowiki></code>
:<math>0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots</math>
This can be remedied by putting a pair of braces { } around the whole expression:
:<code><nowiki><math>{0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots}</math></nowiki></code>
:<math>{0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots}</math>

=== Alignment with normal text flow ===
Due to the default css

<pre>img.tex { vertical-align: middle; }</pre>

an inline expression like <math>\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math> should look good.

If you need to align it otherwise, use <code><nowiki><math style="vertical-align:-100%;">...</math></nowiki></code> and play with the <code>vertical-align</code> argument until you get it right; however, how it looks may depend on the browser and the browser settings.

Also note that if you rely on this workaround, if/when the rendering on the server gets fixed in future releases, as a result of this extra manual offset your formulae will suddenly be aligned incorrectly. So use it sparingly, if at all.

=== Forced PNG rendering ===

To force the formula to render as PNG, add <code>\,</code> (small space) at the end of the formula (where it is not rendered). This will force PNG if the user is in "{{int:mw math simple}}" mode, but not for "{{int:mw math html}}" mode ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|math rendering settings]] in [[Help:Preferences|preferences]]). Notice that since [[mw:MediaWiki 1.19|MediaWiki 1.19]], the only available options will be "{{int:mw_math_png}}" and "{{int:mw_math_source}}".

You can also use <code>\,</code> (small space and negative space, which cancel out) anywhere inside the math tags.  This ''does'' force PNG even in "HTML if possible" mode, unlike <code>\,</code>.

This could be useful to keep the rendering of formulae in a proof consistent for users who have not selected "{{int:mw_math_png}}" (e.g., all anonymous users on wikis where <code>$wgDefaultUserOptions['math']</code> is not set to 0), for example, or to fix formulae that render incorrectly in HTML (at one time, a^{2+2} rendered with an extra underscore), or to demonstrate how something is rendered when it would normally show up as HTML (as in the examples above).

For instance:

{|  class="wikitable"
! Syntax
! How it looks rendered
|- 
| <code><nowiki>a^{c+2}</nowiki></code>
| <math>a^{\,\!c+2}</math>
|- 
| <code><nowiki>a^{c+2} \,</nowiki></code>
| <math>a^{c+2} \,</math>
|- 
| <code><nowiki>a^{\,\!c+2}</nowiki></code>
| <math>a^{\,\!c+2}</math>
|- 
| <code><nowiki>a^{b^{c+2}}</nowiki></code>
| <math>a^{b^{c+2}}</math> (WRONG with option "HTML if possible or else PNG"!)
|- 
| <code><nowiki>a^{b^{c+2}} \,</nowiki></code>
| <math>a^{b^{c+2}} \,</math> (WRONG with option "HTML if possible or else PNG"!)
|- 
| <code><nowiki>a^{b^{c+2}}\approx 5</nowiki></code>
| <math>a^{b^{c+2}}\approx 5</math> (due to "<math>\approx</math>" correctly displayed, no code "\,\!" needed)
|- 
| <code><nowiki>a^{b^{\,\!c+2}}</nowiki></code>
| <math>a^{b^{\,\!c+2}}</math>
|- 
| <code><nowiki>\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</nowiki></code>
| <math>\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math>
|}


This has been tested with most of the formulae on this page, and seems to work perfectly.

You might want to include a comment in the HTML so people don't "correct" the formula by removing it:

:''<nowiki><!-- The \,\! is to keep the formula rendered as PNG instead of HTML. Please don't remove it.--></nowiki>''

Alternatively, you could create a template called "Don't remove the \,\!" to be able to use a category or [[Special:WhatLinksHere]] to track the usage of this hack.

== Commutative diagrams ==
To make a [[en:Commutative diagram|commutative diagram]], there are three steps:
* Write the diagram in [[en:TeX|TeX]]
* Convert to [[en:SVG|SVG]]
* [[commons:Commons:First steps/Upload form|Upload the file]] to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]

=== Diagrams in {{TeX}} ===
[http://www.tug.org/applications/Xy-pic/ Xy-pic] ([http://tex.loria.fr/graph-pack/doc-xypic/xyguide-html/xyguide-html.html online manual]) is the most powerful and general-purpose diagram package in [[Help:Displaying a formula|TeX]].

Simpler packages include:
* [[en:American Mathematical Society|AMS]]'s [http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/amscd.html amscd]
* Paul Taylor's [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/generic/diagrams/taylor/ diagrams]
* François Borceux [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/help/Catalogue/entries/borceux.html Diagrams]

The following is a template for Xy-pic, together with a [[en:Hack (technology)|hack]] to increase the [[en:Margin (typography)|margins]] in [[en:dvips|dvips]], so that the diagram is not truncated by over-eager cropping
(suggested in [[en:TUGboat|TUGboat]] [http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb17-3/tb52rahtz.pdf TUGboat, Volume 17 1996, No. 3]):
<pre>
\documentclass{amsart}
\usepackage[all, ps]{xy} % Loading the XY-Pic package 
                         % Using postscript driver for smoother curves
\usepackage{color}       % For invisible frame
\begin{document}
\thispagestyle{empty} % No page numbers
\SelectTips{eu}{}     % Euler arrowheads (tips)
\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt} % Frame box margin
{\color{white}\framebox{{\color{black}$$ % Frame for margin

\xymatrix{ % The diagram is a 3x3 matrix
%%% Diagram goes here %%%
}

$$}}} % end math, end frame
\end{document}
</pre>

=== Convert to SVG ===
Once you have produced your diagram in LaTeX (or {{TeX}}), you can convert it to an SVG file using the following sequence of commands:

<pre>
pdflatex file.tex
pdfcrop --clip file.pdf tmp.pdf
pdf2svg tmp.pdf file.svg
  (rm tmp.pdf at the end)
</pre>
pdflatex and the [http://pdfcrop.sourceforge.net pdfcrop] and [http://www.cityinthesky.co.uk/pdf2svg.html pdf2svg] utilities are needed for this procedure.

If you do not have these programs, you can also use the commands

<pre>
latex file.tex
dvipdfm file.dvi
</pre>

to get a PDF version of your diagram.

==== Programs ====
In general, you will not be able to get anywhere with diagrams without {{TeX}} and Ghostscript, and the <code>inkscape</code> program is a useful tool for creating or modifying your diagrams by hand.  There is also a utility <code>pstoedit</code> which supports direct conversion from Postscript files to many vector graphics formats, but it requires a non-free plugin to convert to SVG, and regardless of the format, [[w:user:Ryan Reich|this editor]] has not been successful in using it to convert diagrams with diagonal arrows from {{TeX}}-created files.

These programs are:
* a working {{TeX}} distribution, such as [[en:TeX Live|TeX Live]]
* [[en:Ghostscript|Ghostscript]]
* [[en:pstoedit|pstoedit]]
* [[en:Inkscape|Inkscape]]

=== Upload the file ===
{{seealso|commons:Commons:First steps/Upload form}}
{{seealso|en:Help:Contents/Images and media}}

As the diagram is your own work, upload it to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]], so that all projects (notably, all languages) can use it without having to copy it to their language's Wiki. (If you've previously uploaded a file to somewhere other than Commons, [[en:Wikipedia:Moving images to the Commons|transwiki it]] to Commons.)

;Check size: Before uploading, check that the default size of the image is neither too large nor too small by opening in an [[SVG#Support in applications|SVG application]] and viewing at default size (100% scaling), otherwise adjust the <tt>-y</tt> option to <tt>dvips</tt>.
;Name: Make sure the file has a [[en:Wikipedia:Naming_conventions|meaningful name]].
;Upload: [[commons:Special:Userlogin|Login to Wikimedia Commons]], then <span class="plainlinks">[http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Upload&uselang=ownwork upload the file]</span>; for the '''Summary''', give a brief description.
Now go to the [[en:Help:Image page|image page]] and add a [[commons:Commons:First steps/Quality and description#Good file descriptions|description]], including the '''source code''', using this template (using <tt>{{[[commons:Template:Information|Information]]}}</tt>):

 <nowiki>{{</nowiki>Information
 |Description =
 <nowiki>{{</nowiki>en| '''Description <nowiki>[[</nowiki>:en:Link to WP page|topic]]'''
 }}
 |Source = <nowiki>{{</nowiki>own}}

Created as per:
 <nowiki>[[</nowiki>:en:meta:Help:Displaying a formula#Commutative diagrams]]; source code below.
 |Date = '''The Creation Date, like 1999-12-31'''
 |Author = '''<nowiki>[[</nowiki>User:YourUserName|Your Real Name]]'''
 |Permission = Public domain; '''(or [[commons:Licensing#Well-known_licenses|other license]])''' see below. 
 }}
 
 == LaTeX source ==
 &lt;source lang="latex">
 '''% LaTeX source here'''
 &lt;/source>
 
 == <nowiki>[[</nowiki>Commons:Copyright tags|Licensing]]: ==
 <nowiki>{{</nowiki>self|PD-self '''(or [[commons:Licensing#Well-known_licenses|other license]])'''|author='''<nowiki>[[</nowiki>User:YourUserName|Your Real Name]]'''}}
 
 <nowiki>[[</nowiki>Category:'''Descriptive categories, such as "Group theory"''']]
 <nowiki>[[</nowiki>Category:Commutative diagrams]]

;Source code:
* Include the source code in the [[en:Help:Image page|image page]], in a <tt>LaTeX source</tt> section, so that the diagram can be edited in future.
* Include the complete <tt>.tex</tt> file, not just the fragment, so future editors do not need to reconstruct a compilable file.
;License: The most common license for commutative diagrams is <tt>[[commons:Template:PD-self|PD-self]]</tt>; some use <tt>[[commons:Template:PD-ineligible|PD-ineligible]]</tt>, especially for simple diagrams, or other licenses. Please ''do not'' use the [http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html GFDL], as it requires the entire text of the GFDL to be attached to any document that uses the diagram.
;Description: If possible, link to a Wikipedia page relevant to the diagram.
;Category: Include <tt><nowiki>[[Category:Commutative diagrams]]</nowiki></tt>, so that it appears in [[commons:Category:Commutative diagrams]]. There are also subcategories, which you may choose to use.
;Include image: Now include the image on the original page via <tt><nowiki>[[Image:Diagram.svg]]</nowiki></tt>

=== Examples ===
A sample conforming diagram is [[commons:Image:PSU-PU.svg]].

== Examples ==

<center>
===Quadratic Polynomial===
 <math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math>
 
 <nowiki><math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math></nowiki>

===Quadratic Polynomial (Force PNG Rendering)===
 <math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0\,</math>
 
 <nowiki><math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0\,</math></nowiki>

===Quadratic Formula===
 <math>x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math>
 
 <nowiki><math>x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math></nowiki>

===Tall Parentheses and Fractions ===
 <math>2 = \left( \frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x} \right)</math>
 
 <nowiki><math>2 = \left(
 \frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x}
 \right)</math></nowiki>

 <math>S_{\text{new}} = S_{\text{old}} - \frac{ \left( 5-T \right) ^2} {2}</math>
 <nowiki>
 <math>S_{\text{new}} = S_{\text{old}} - \frac{ \left( 5-T \right) ^2} {2}</math>
 </nowiki>

===Integrals===
 <math>\int_a^x \!\!\!\int_a^s f(y)\,dy\,ds = \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy</math>
 
 <nowiki><math>\int_a^x \!\!\!\int_a^s f(y)\,dy\,ds
 = \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy</math></nowiki>

===Summation===
 <math>\sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2\,n}{3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}</math>
 
 <nowiki><math>\sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2\,n}
 {3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}</math></nowiki>

=== Differential Equation ===
 <math>u'' + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a</math>
 
 <nowiki><math>u'' + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a</math></nowiki>

===Complex numbers===
 <math>|\bar{z}| = |z|, |(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n, \arg(z^n) = n \arg(z)</math>
 
 <nowiki><math>|\bar{z}| = |z|,
 |(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n,
 \arg(z^n) = n \arg(z)</math></nowiki>

===Limits===
 <math>\lim_{z\rightarrow z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)</math>
 
 <nowiki><math>\lim_{z\rightarrow z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)</math></nowiki>

===Integral Equation===
 <math>\phi_n(\kappa)
 = \frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty \frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R}  \frac{\partial}{\partial R}  \left[R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]\,dR</math>
 
 <nowiki><math>\phi_n(\kappa) =
 \frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty
 \frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R}
 \frac{\partial}{\partial R}
 \left[R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]\,dR</math></nowiki>

===Example===
 <math>\phi_n(\kappa) = 0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\quad \frac{1}{L_0}\ll\kappa\ll\frac{1}{l_0}</math>
 
 <nowiki><math>\phi_n(\kappa) = 
 0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\quad
 \frac{1}{L_0}\ll\kappa\ll\frac{1}{l_0}</math></nowiki>

===Continuation and cases===
 <math>f(x) = \begin{cases}1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\
 \frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\ 1 - x^2 & \mbox{otherwise}\end{cases}</math>
 
 <nowiki><math>
 f(x) =
 \begin{cases}
 1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\
 \frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\
 1 - x^2 & \mbox{otherwise}
 \end{cases}
 </math></nowiki>

===Prefixed subscript===
 <math>{}_pF_q(a_1,\dots,a_p;c_1,\dots,c_q;z) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(a_1)_n\cdots(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdots(c_q)_n}\frac{z^n}{n!}</math>
 
 <nowiki> <math>{}_pF_q(a_1,\dots,a_p;c_1,\dots,c_q;z)
 = \sum_{n=0}^\infty
 \frac{(a_1)_n\cdots(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdots(c_q)_n}
 \frac{z^n}{n!}</math></nowiki>

===Fraction and small fraction===
 <math> \frac {a}{b}</math> &emsp; <math> \tfrac {a}{b} </math>
 <nowiki><math> \frac {a}{b}\  \tfrac {a}{b} </math></nowiki>

</center>

==Bug reports==
Discussions, bug reports and feature requests should go to the [[m:Mailing list#Wikitech|Wikitech-l mailing list]].  These can also be filed on [[Bugzilla:|Mediazilla]] under ''MediaWiki extensions''.

==Future==

In the future, once the [[w:MathJax|MathJax]] option which [[rev:104521|was added]] to the [[mw:Extension:Math|Math extension]] is stable enough, it may be enabled on Wikimedia wikis (per [[bugzilla:31406|bug 31406]]) as a better alternative for the PNG rendering of TeX formulas. MathJax is a JavaScript library for inline rendering of mathematical formulea, and can be used to translate LaTeX into [[w:MathML|MathML]] for direct interpretation by the browser.

==See also==
*[[Help:Comparison between ParserFunctions syntax and TeX syntax|Comparison between ParserFunctions syntax and {{TeX}} syntax]]
*[[w:Wikipedia:How to write a Wikipedia article on Mathematics#Typesetting_of_mathematical_formulas|Typesetting of mathematical formulas]]
*Proposed [[m:Music markup]]
*[[w:Table of mathematical symbols|Table of mathematical symbols]]
*[[mw:Extension:Blahtex]], or [[w:Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Mathematics/Archive10#blahtex: a LaTeX to MathML converter|blahtex: a LaTeX to MathML converter for Wikipedia]]
*[[Help:Editing|General help]] for editing a Wiki page
*[[Mimetex alternative]] for another way to display mathematics using Mimetex.cgi

==Notes==
{{refs}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwilkins/LaTeXPrimer/ A LaTeX tutorial].
*A [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/gentle/gentle.pdf paper introducing {{TeX}}]—see page 39 onwards for a good introduction to the maths side of things.
*A [http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/english/lshort.pdf paper introducing LaTeX]—skip to page 49 for the math section. See page 63 for a complete reference list of symbols included in LaTeX and AMS-LaTeX.
*[http://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-letter.pdf The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List].
*[http://www.ams.org/tex/amslatex.html AMS-LaTeX guide].
*[http://us.metamath.org/symbols/symbols.html A set of public domain fixed-size math symbol bitmaps].
*[[w:MathML|MathML]]: A product of the [[w:W3C|W3C]] [http://www.w3.org/Math/ Math working group], is a low-level specification for describing mathematics as a basis for machine to machine communication.

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[[be:Вікіпэдыя:TeX|be]] · [[de:Hilfe:TeX|de]] · <!-- [[en:Meta:Help:Formula|en]] · [[es:Wikipedia:Usando TeX|es]] · -->[[fr:Wikipédia:Formules TeX|fr]] · [[ia:Wikipedia:Formulas mathematic|ia]] · [[it:Wikipedia:Formule matematiche TeX|it]] · <!-- [[ja:m:ヘルプ:数式の書き方|ja]] · [[nl:Wikipedia:TeX in Wikipedia|nl]] · -->[[ru:Википедия:Формулы|ru]] · [[sr:Википедија:Формуле|sr]] · <!-- [[sv:Wikipedia:Användarhandledning för TeX|sv]] · -->[[uk:Довідка:Математичні формули та спецсимволи|uk]] · [[zh:Wikipedia:数学公式|zh]]

[[Category:Editor handbook]]